Tag Archives: design

Giving You a Piece of My Mind

One of the most important pieces of advice for those who engage in any kind of public communications practice is to know your audience. Whether you are giving a speech, writing a blog post, or tweeting a comment, having some idea of the knowledge possessed by your audience will help you to get your point across effectively. At the same time, we ought not to shy away from opening up the possibility for discussion in an area with which perhaps the members of our audience may not be familiar. There is a fine line to walk between engaging the listener/reader and having their eyes glaze over, but we have a duty not only to encourage a greater curiosity about the world in which we live, but also to have people stop and ask questions about why we are the way we are.

This was brought home to me yesterday in court when, in chatting with opposing counsel and the court reporter, I made reference to the great Japanese-American furniture designer Isamu Noguchi. This took place in the context of a discussion over what to do with the remaining remnants of the trunk of a fallen black walnut tree. The blank stares I received brought home to me that this audience was not aware of Noguchi’s work, but it also gave me a brief opportunity to explain it to them.  To my relief, an explanation of Noguchi’s method turned the lead balloon into something more buoyant.

Noguchi, for those of my readers who are unfamiliar with his work, wore many artistic hats, including that of sculptor and landscape architect.  However he is perhaps most famous in this country for his extraordinary furniture designs. While his work as a conventional sculptor leaves me unimpressed, his furniture concepts, beginning with the creation of the now-iconic “Noguchi Table” in 1939 for MoMA, then later collaboration with the legendary Herman Miller furniture company, and continuing on his own later in his career to combine furniture and sculpture using monumental materials, are oftentimes extraordinary examples of sensitivity to the natural form.

Particularly as he got older, Noguchi became more interesting as he moved away from the amoeba-like forms that defined the earlier period of his output, forms which were copied by so many lesser furniture companies that the idea eventually became rather diluted and somewhat kitsch. Later in life he began to use massive boulders, stones and ancient timbers to create seating, tables, and the like by paying attention to the natural formation of the material, with its strengths and weaknesses, cracks and fault lines, and working on a piece just to the point where he felt it was no longer in the rough, and yet still maintained its raw natural qualities. Earlier designers from the Art Nouveau period, such as Gaudí, would have greatly appreciated his thought process and output.

The idea here is not (necessarily) to have the reader form an opinion about the work of this particular designer, but to illustrate a point. If you have never heard of Noguchi before, now you have. I have given you a very basic, indeed perhaps overly simplistic, concept of his approach to design which is now resident in your head. Not to be too precious about it, but I have shared some of my knowledge with you, almost as if I had downloaded a copy of part of my brain into yours.

Consider the many implications and possibilities of what that means, and what a powerful thing it is to share your knowledge of things you are fascinated by with others. I have planted an idea in your head: will it germinate? Will you take the time to go read about Noguchi, Herman Miller, American mid-century art, and so on?

Now imagine that we are not talking about a Japanese-American designer and his appreciation of nature, but rather that we are talking about something at a higher level. If during a drinks party chat I tell you, an agnostic who is curious about why the Catholic Church believes what it does in the face of so many competing modern philosophies, briefly about the work of G.K. Chesterton or C.S. Lewis, what might the end result be? If we are sitting on a train and not going anywhere anytime soon, and you raise some points about American history and culture that seem misinformed, so I point you toward someone like Alexis de Tocqueville, is there the chance that you may look into his ideas and subsequently change your own? And what would happen then?

My fellow Catholics know that we must always remain aware of Christ’s command that we go teach all nations, as something we could be called to act upon at any moment. Sometimes, like the Apostle St. Philip when he met the Ethiopian court official on the road from Jerusalem to Gaza in Acts 8:26-40, we have one of those moments when a real opportunity for engaging in apologetics, or discussion of natural law, arises because of the circumstances in which we find ourselves. However we do not necessarily need to go about looking for people on the road to Gaza, Emmaus, Rome, or anywhere else for that matter.  It is in how we live and interact with other people that we can provide such an opportunity.

If the people whom we meet professionally or socially find us to be interesting, well-rounded individuals, who want to educate ourselves about the world in which we live while at the same time maintaining the ideals and standards we believe in, we will naturally find ourselves in the kinds of teaching situations described above, even if we are not aware of it ourselves at the time. We do not know what little seed we will plant, that will later germinate into something grand and beautiful, as a result of sharing a bit of our own thinking with others.  The important point is to plant it, and hope that it takes root.  And like in Noguchi’s naturalistic designs, we can only hope that the beauty of Creation, which is ultimately a reflection of the beauty of God Himself, will come through.

The Noguchi Table

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Stars & Stripes Forever: Unique Building in DC Celebrates Old Glory

Today is Flag Day, when Americans mark Congress’ adoption of the Stars and Stripes as the official flag of the United States, on this date in 1777.  Sadly, Flag Day does not seem to be as widely marked as it once was, though I have done my part in sporting red, white, and blue this morning.  While it is still a common practice among those who care about such things to fly the flag today, the reader’s attention is drawn to an amusing bit of architectural reference to Old Glory here in the District, which may have escaped the notice even of those who pass it regularly.

The mixed-use building located at 2401 Pennsylvania Avenue NW here in Washington is a large structure that many locals and tourists who make their way to the West End will recognize. In addition to offices and apartments, it houses several businesses at street level, including the upscale Marcel’s restaurant (where, to quote Margo Channing, “the elite meet”), and the below-the-scale McFadden’s den of filth, where one is likely to enjoy an evening of body shots with cast members of “Jersey Shore”.  Such is democracy.

Those paying attention when they approach the building will see that there are brackets which run around the lower part of the facade.  Each is an alternating silhouette in metal of the head of either an elephant or a donkey, representing of course the symbols of the Republican and Democratic Parties, respectively.   This is a clever, if admittedly somewhat kitschy, design element.

However what many may not notice, even if they spot the political animals closer to street level, is that at the corners of the building, where the facade “splits” to reveal a stack of glass-enclosed, bow-fronted spaces, are gigantic concrete and brick flag poles with the American flag on top.  The flags are cast to look as though they are fluttering in the breeze, and they appear just above a broad frieze of stripes punctuated by stars that runs below the cornice of the building.  Clearly those who commissioned this building were not only avidly patriotic, but also wanted to have some fun.

The building was designed by the DC office of Keyes Condon Florance, an architectural firm which has since merged with other firms and gone out of existence.   What little I have seen of their work ranges from the perfectly adequate renovation, such as the old masonic temple converted into the National Museum of Women in the Arts, to the sort of ho-hum, such as the Catholic University Law School building.  Perhaps one of their more interesting projects was the redevelopment of the gorgeous old Greyhound Bus Terminal at 1100 New York Avenue NW, one of the only art deco buildings in D.C.

In the case of this particular building in the West End, while the decorative elements may bring to mind the cutesy work of Michael Graves at the Eisner Building in Burbank, the truth is that I don’t hate it.  Sometimes the boulevardier, such as yours truly, likes to come across unexpected architectural details which may not technically be in good taste, but are undeniably amusing.  For all my love of great Old Master paintings, for example, I also enjoy comic book illustrations. And even if I love Châteauneuf-du-Pape, I also enjoy a bottle of cheap plonk from the grocer’s. Once you have a fundamental understanding of standards, it is okay to simply relax and have fun from time to time, and that includes appreciating architecture such as this.

While we have gorgeous weather today here in DC for waving the flag, this unusual building proudly waves the flag every hour of every day of every year for all to see, if one will but look up and take notice. It will not tatter, fade, or fray, as conventional flags made of even the most resilient fabric inevitably do.  This is quite a testament to the love of the American flag of both the architects and the builders of the project, even if they are representing that love in an unconventional way. And of course, that individualism and quirkiness is part of the spirit that formed this country and created our flag. Long may both continue.

Corner of 2401 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, taken this morning

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It Won’t Be Pretty: Stopping The Eisenhower National Memorial

On Monday evening the National Civic Art Society (“NCAS”) announced the winners of their competition to design an alternative to the Eisenhower National Memorial, a monstrosity by architect Frank Gehry which will be built in part with your tax dollars, across the street from the Air and Space Museum here in Washington. You can read more about the winning entry here, and you can also follow this link to view the talk given at the event by Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of President Eisenhower. The winning entries presented various schemes for the Eisenhower Memorial that make use of traditional monumental design elements – such as the memorial arch, colonnade, and plinth – all surrounded by landscaping.

Regular readers are already aware of what I think about Mr. Gehry’s design. From the beginning, the selection of Gehry as the architect for this memorial was a curious one. He has made his career out of building things that are quite spectacularly ugly, and while there were many ugly things built during the Eisenhower Administration, Gehry’s vision of a monument to Ike does not fit well either with the rather conservative Eisenhower era, or the Nation’s Capital.

Mr. Gehry himself, in a lengthy interview he gave in 1995, acknowledged that he first became interested in architecture in order to engage in the kind of social engineering that brought us the horrors of Le Corbusier or Cabrini Green. “What got me excited in the beginning were the social issues,” he explained. “I come from a very lefty liberal family in Canada, and architecture looked like it was the panacea. You could make housing for the poor and make wonderful cities, city planning in the future and so on. That was the initial turn-on. That lasted me all the way through school, actually.”

By the time he completed architecture school at the University of Southern California, Mr. Gehry had become more jaded. “When I got out of school I hit the brick wall,” said Gehry. “You can’t do any of that. It doesn’t exist. You can’t do it. There are no clients for social housing in America. There is no program, no nothing.”

What’s more, in the interview Mr. Gehry characterized efforts to work with city planning professionals as something of an obstacle. “City planning? Forget it. It’s a kind of bureaucratic nonsense. It has nothing to do with ideas. It only has to do with real estate and politics.” This perhaps explains why Gehry’s design eliminates a portion of Maryland Avenue from the L’Enfant grid, which city planners have been trying so hard to stick to whenever possible.

It should not be a foregone conclusion, gentle reader, that because of the stature of the person involved that the design of this memorial is a foregone conclusion. The fact that Mr. Gehry is a world-famous architect does not mean that his efforts are unstoppable. As a matter of fact, his plans to deface the historic Corcoran Gallery of Art here in Washington were scrapped several years ago. More recently, a number of cities around the world have stopped him from plunking down his monumental white elephants on the landscape, which ignore local concerns and often deteriorate at an alarming rate.

In Paris earlier this year, the courts revoked planning permission for one of Mr. Gehry’s mishmash structures being built on the edge of the beloved Bois de Bologne park, to house the contemporary art collection of a Parisian billionaire. In exchange, an enraged Gehry characterized those living near the park who did not want to see more concrete covering up green space in the city as “individualistic, uncouth philistines”. His displeasure is understandable given that it is likely at least some of what has been built to date will have to be demolished.

Similarly, the Gehry-designed Museum of Tolerance in Jerusalem was scrapped last year following years of court fights and protests that it was going to pave over an ancient Muslim cemetery, although Mr. Gehry himself stated that he was withdrawing from the project for other reasons. And in Brooklyn, the Atlantic Yards project, featuring a monstrous collapsing tower by Gehry, went back to the drawing board following years of protest from the public. Ironically, given Gehry’s above-quoted views on city planning, the project was described as a “corrupt land grab”, a “taxpayer ripoff”, and a “complete failure of democracy” by one of the leaders of a group opposed to the project.

In a lengthy profile piece in the L.A. Times published some years ago, Mr. Gehry was quoted as saying: “My approach to architecture is different . . . I’m confused as to what’s ugly and what’s pretty.” This is precisely the problem. Since Gehry admittedly does not know what is ugly, and clearly neither do our elected representatives asking us to pay for his ignorance, let us go back to the drawing board with someone who is not so confused.  Then, perhaps, we will actually get something pretty monumental, rather than something that is pretty ugly.

Site for the Eisenhower National Memorial
in Washington, D.C.

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Lift Your Eyes Unto the Heavens: How Gaudi Gets Atheists to Pray

Yesterday L’Osservatore Romano, the Vatican newspaper, published an interesting and thoughtful opinion piece on the Basilica of the Sagrada Familia and its symbolic importance by Lluís Cardinal Martínez Sistach. In it, the Metropolitan Archbishop of Barcelona makes a very keen observation about something which, for all my knowledge about Barcelona and the work of Antoni Gaudí, I had not noticed before. The Sagrada Familia has not only become the central, universally recognized symbol of the city of Barcelona but it is also, as a result of the passage of time, now a structure which is spiritually and physically at the center of the city as well.

At the time construction began in the 19th century, the site of the present Basilica stood on the outskirts of town. Now, with the development and filling in of Barcelona up to its natural geographic boundaries of a ring of mountains to the north, the sea to the south, and rivers on east and west, it lies more or less at the center of the city. As the Cardinal notes, this was something which Gaudí himself hoped might happen with the passage of time, as he observed the plans for the city’s “Eixample” or “Expansion” District.

Taking this fact as his reference point, His Eminence describes how the central, dominating presence of the Basilica, which can be seen from all over the city, stands against the tide of European secularism which seeks to quash it. “In the midst of a modern, European city,” writes Cardinal Sistach, “and in a temple in which secularism seems intent on confining religious expression to the private sphere, obscuring the visibility of faith and religious communities, this Basilica, visible from every corner of the city, is an invitation to not stop at the horizontal dimension of human existence but to lift our gaze upwards.”  It is this factor, one of height, which in combination with the centrality of its location makes the Basilica a very effective tool for drawing the mind of man to heavenly things.

The design of this tremendously lofty church, which when completed will be the tallest church in the world, demands that everyone, even the unbeliever, look up in order to take it in. It is true that when he does so he will, at the very least, think about God – even if only for a moment. However this was not enough for Gaudí.  The man affectionately nicknamed “God’s architect” clearly understood the psychological predisposition of human beings to think about the eternal and the spiritual when they are presented with a lofty religious structure, but sought to make man do more than just think.

As shown in the photo below, Gaudí had the words “Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus” or “Holy, Holy, Holy”, carved in gigantic Neo-Gothic script all over the bell towers. For my non-Catholic readers, the “Sanctus” is a hymn that is sung or said during the mass in praise of God, and puts us in mind not only of God’s majesty but also, seemingly paradoxically, of the humility of Jesus, using words from His entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, before His Passion, Death, and Resurrection. The text of the hymn reads as follows:

Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus
Dominus Deus Sabaoth.
Pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua.
Hosanna in excelsis.
Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.
Hosanna in excelsis

The decision of the architect to place these giant words from the mass all over the upper parts of his building was not merely a decorative one, but rather an intentional effort to take advantage of human nature. “All who read them, even the incredulous, will intone the hymn to the Holy Trinity,” Cardinal Sistach quotes Gaudí as saying, “as they discover its contents: the Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, which while they are reading it will guide their gaze towards the heavens.”  In other words, because literate human beings automatically read words when they see them,  without having to stop and tell their brain, “Okay now we are going to read something,” Gaudí causes the viewer to praise God without even having to think about it.

Perhaps some of the more jaundiced among my readership may view this as bit of a cheek or a dirty trick on the part of Gaudí. Yet one cannot deny its effectiveness, in making the visitor reflect on God and his relationship with Him, even if he does not really want to.  The architect’s design choice and the involuntary human act which inevitably accompanies it also brings to mind the beautifully cosmic words of the Prophet Issaiah: “Lift your eyes unto the heavens. Who created all of these? He who brings out the starry hosts one by one and calls them each by name.”

Love or loathe the building (and yes, I know many of my traditionalist readers loathe it), the Basilica does its job extremely well, thanks to Gaudí’s insistence that it stand as a beacon of Christianity at the heart of a major city. For even those hate Christianity, or those who hate Gaudí’s architecture, nevertheless find themselves discussing and debating not an office building, a house/apartment block, or public space when they are in Barcelona, but rather a church. And a church which, at that, actually causes them to engage in prayer. In a city which continues to plunge headlong into greater and greater anarchy and secularism, as Cardinal Sistach recognized in his opinion piece, the Sagrada Familia is something which, like the 800lb gorilla, cannot be ignored.


The word “Sanctus” carved in bands rising along the Nativity Facade
of the Basilica of the Sagrada Familia

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Chair Chic: Comfortable French Design in the Age of Charles X

On this date in 1825 Charles X (1757-1836) was formally consecrated and crowned King of France, during the traditional high mass held for this purpose at the Cathedral of Rheims. While his reign may not be one whose achievements jump to the minds of most non-Frenchmen, as a patron of the decorative arts Charles had interesting taste which continues to appear in furniture design to this day. In particular, the anniversary of his coronation allows us an opportunity to reflect on chair designs that represent his reign – and how his influence overcame some of the rather tacky elements of Napoleonic design which preceded it.

By the time Charles X ascended to the throne of France, following the death of his brother Louis XVIII in 1824, he already had a long-standing reputation as a lover of fine furniture and design. While criticized by many on the left for his championing of pre-Revolutionary political ideals, his appreciation of contemporary design based on older models of comfort put him in the vanguard of patronage. For someone viewed in the popular press as a reactionary, i.e. too rigid, too pro-Church, and too autocratic, it is interesting that a simple, relaxed elegance supplanted the harsh, arriviste monumentality which had characterized furniture design in the decades that preceded him.

As the youngest brother of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette’s favorite brother-in-law, when he was a young man Charles X witnessed the transition from the over-the-top elements of his grandfather Louis XV’s Rococo style, to a more subdued sense of luxury, softened by the example of the Petit Trianon and informed by the discoveries at Pompeii. This earliest stage of what came to be called Neoclassicism embraced more simple lines, light colored woods with floral inlay, and a less formal feel than the grandiose pomposity of the preceding decades. This graceful style was, regrettably, supplanted by an increasingly stiff and blockier design, first under the French Republic and later under Napoleon.

Napoleon’s clunky style of Neoclassicism, using materials such as dark woods in geometric forms and military motifs such as bronze mounts of eagles and war trophies, came to be inextricably associated with his reign, and therefore known as the “Empire” style. It incorporated Greek, Roman, and even Egyptian elements, sometimes in a cartoonish sort of way. The style continued beyond his rule, as design styles usually do, but it gradually began to decline in popularity in France under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII. By the time Charles X came to the throne, his more refined taste and a kind of ante-Proustian “recherche du temps perdu” prevailed.

When this earlier Empire style was finally abandoned by the moneyed classes, it was in favor of a combination of lighter, contrasting woods, and more curved, comfortable forms, often using marquetry and inlay. Though somewhat different in feel from the court of Louis XVI, many of the forms popularized by Charles X hearkened back to his older brother’s era. It is reasonable to suppose that he and the surviving members of the nobility and bourgeoisie from the days before the Revolution saw that earlier age as a happier, more relaxed time, perhaps tinged subsequently with a sense of mourning for what had been lost.

The type of chair most commonly associated with Charles X is the upholstered, curved-arm chair shown here. There are variations with a higher back, sometimes with a curved back and top rail, sometimes with a straight top and straight back. Sometimes the entire arm is upholstered with only some of the wood showing, and sometimes there is no arm at all. In other variants there is more of a complete barrel/tub shape, which in itself reflects back to the low-backed bergere styles that were popular during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI.

These styles have remained influential down the centuries, and indeed The Courtier has two modern variants on the Charles X tub chair in the living room at the manse. The emphasis on a graceful, yet simple curve in these chairs, not only pleases the eye but also comforts sitters of all shapes and sizes, in a way which the stiff, bolt-upright chairs of the Napoleonic period do not. One can see echoes of this style a century after the reign of Charles X in Art Deco club chairs and dining room chairs, and their modern variants, which continue to be produced today.

In trying to undo the socio-political upheavals of the Reign of Terror and the Napoleonic period, Charles X may not have been particularly successful. Yet in promoting the more gracious elements of his youth in daily living, he re-introduced into the vernacular of French design an appreciation for elegance on a human scale, one which avoided both the frippery of his grandfather’s reign and the clumsy bad taste of those who had tried to destroy his family. That effort, arguably, proved to be the most lasting accomplishment of his own reign.

A contemporary version of a Charles X-style tub chair

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